Mathematics and history: history and analysis epistemology: from exhaustion method to defined integral
Keywords:
Method of exhaustion, Method of Mechanical Theorems, Sublime calculus, Fluent and fluxions, Integration theory, Hyperreal numbers, Non-standard analysisAbstract
The creation of the calculation (differential, in the terminology of Leibniz, bending in that of Newton) is the event that, in the second half of the seventeenth century, marked, in a sense, the transition from classical to modern mathematics. The aim of this work is a historical analysis of the rigor and epistemological question and the "metaphysics" of calculus that takes account of the methods of the ancient (eg. Of Archimedes' method of exhaustion), as well as interpretations of Leibniz and Newton and their successors. The problem of searching for a sure foundation on which to base the calculus, glimpsed by D'Alembert in the theory of limits and taken up by Lagrange to the theory of infinite series, and that the derivative functions, found in Cachy the pioneer of a new way to seek rigor in analysis. The Cauchy setting will be tightened by Weierstrass in the second half of the 800 with the definition of limit, with the epsilon-delta method, which in turn is based on definitions concerning the real numbers. In this sense we speak of "arithmetisation" analysis.
Matematica e storia: storia ed epistemologia dell’analisi: dal metodo di esaustione all’integrale definito
La creazione del calcolo (differenziale, nella terminologia leibniziana flessionale in quella di Newton) è l’evento che, nella seconda metà del seicento, ha segnato, in un certo senso, il passaggio dalla matematica classica a quella moderna. Obiettivo del presente lavoro è una analisi storica ed epistemologica della questione del rigore e della “metafisica” del calcolo infinitesimale che tenga conto dei metodi degli antichi (ad es. del metodo di esaustione di Archimede), nonché delle interpretazioni di Leibniz e Newton e dei loro successori. Il problema della ricerca di un fondamento sicuro su cui basare il calcolo infinitesimale, intravisto da D’Alembert nella teoria dei limiti e ripreso da Lagrange con la teoria delle serie infinite e quella delle funzioni derivate, trova in Cachy il pioniere di un nuovo modo di ricercare il rigore in analisi. L’impostazione di Cauchy sarà resa rigorosa da Weierstrass nella seconda metà dell’800 con la definizione di limite, col metodo dell’epsilon-delta, che a sua volta si basa su definizioni concernenti i numeri reali. In questo senso si parla di “aritmetizzazione” dell’analisi.
Parole Chiave: metodo di esaustione; metodo dei teoremi meccanici; calcolo sublime, fluenti e flussioni; teoria dell’integrazione; numeri iperreali; analisi non-standard.
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References
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⌈8⌉ Cfr. G. Galilei, Opere, Utet, Torino, 1964, Vol. II, p. 613. [9] Archimede, Opere, Utet, 1974, p. 572. (9) Cfr. C.B. Boyer, The Concepts of the Calculus, N. York, 1939, p. 48.
⌈10⌉ Lucio Lombardo Radice, La matematica da Pitagora a Newton, Editori Riuniti Univ, Press- Gennaio 2015
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www.leonardo-ambrosiana.it
www. matematica.unibocconi.it
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